EXPLORATORY PILOT STUDIES TO DEMONSTRATE MECHANISMS OF PREVENTING ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA AND THE ROLE FOR PROBIOTICS

AbstractProbiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit onthe host. One of the most common indications for probiotic treatment is the prevention of antibiotic-associateddiarrhea (AAD). Unfortunately, the efficacy of many probiotic products used for AAD is not supported byrigorous independent research, and non-evidence-based clinical usage is common. Data from several studiessuggest antibiotic-induced disruption of commensal colonic bacteria results in a significant reduction in shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) production and a concomitant reduction in Na-dependent fluid absorption, ultimatelyresulting in AAD. The probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) has been shown toameliorate a variety of gastrointestinal disease states and is known to produce acetate ? the most abundantprimary colonic SCFA ? at concentrations of up to 50 mM in vitro. Thus, we hypothesize that the concurrentadministration of BB-12 with antibiotics will protect against the development of AAD by the ability of BB-12 toboth generate acetate directly, and increase other SCFAs through cross-feeding of certain bacteria in theFirmicutes phylum. For example, Clostridium, Eubacterium and Roseburia use acetate to produce butyrate,another common SCFA. The primary aim of the R61 phase (N=60) is to determine if BB-12 can mitigateantibiotic-induced reduction in SCFA concentration, as reflected in fecal acetate levels. We hypothesize thatantibiotics will decrease fecal SCFAs, but BB-12 supplementation will protect against antibiotic-induced SCFAreduction, and/or be associated with quicker restoration to baseline SCFA levels as compared to control.Antibiotic administration also lowers total microbial counts and diversity in the gut microbiota, disrupting thehomeostasis of the gut ecosystem and allowing colonization by pathogens. The secondary aim uses 16S rDNAprofiling to determine if BB-12 inhibits antibiotic-induced disruption of the gut microbiota. We hypothesize thatantibiotics will diminish the overall number and diversity of bacterial species present in the fecal microbiota,and concurrent BB-12 supplementation will minimize antibiotic-induced shifts in the microbiota, and/or will beassociated with shorter recovery to baseline microbiota composition as compared to control. In the R33 phase(N=108), to further delineate the effects of BB-12 administration on the antibiotic-depleted gut microbiota, wewill evaluate the timing of probiotic administration in four randomly assigned groups: 1) BB-12 yogurtconsumed at the same time as the antibiotic; 2) control yogurt consumed at the same time as the antibiotic; 3)BB-12 yogurt consumed four hours after the antibiotic; and 4) control yogurt consumed four hours after theantibiotic. Our long-term goal is to determine the impact of BB-12 on a variety of gastrointestinal disease statesand ages. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action will be integral in shaping the direction of futuretranslational research on probiotic effectiveness.